{"id":955,"date":"2020-07-29T07:54:04","date_gmt":"2020-07-29T07:54:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fivi.zonepage.gr\/?page_id=955"},"modified":"2021-07-09T14:15:13","modified_gmt":"2021-07-09T14:15:13","slug":"male-infertility","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/fivi.gr\/en\/understanding-infertility\/male-infertility\/","title":{"rendered":"Male infertility"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”100px” el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_empty_space height=”20px” el_class=”mobile-only”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”30″][vc_column width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1594284935614{background-color: rgba(0,177,205,0.05) !important;*background-color: rgb(0,177,205) !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”Prevalence of Infertility” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”About 15% of couples do not achieve pregnancy within one year and seek medical treatment. Infertility affects both men and women. In 50% of voluntarily childless couples, a male-infertility-associated factor is found together with abnormal semen parameters.” font_container=”tag:h4|font_size:24px|text_align:left|color:rgba(35%2C31%2C32%2C0.7)” use_theme_fonts=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1596011424678{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”Please select from the list a specific topic to read and learn more about it.” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:left|color:%23003878″ use_theme_fonts=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1596011435229{margin-top: 24px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;}”][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/2″][vc_row_inner css=”.vc_custom_1594285853697{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_inner el_class=”anchor-links” width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1599656753164{margin-right: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”Causes of male infertility” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656586547{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" 1. Non obstructive infertility<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656601857{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" 2. Obstructive infertility<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656615376{margin-top: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" 3. Coital infertility<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner el_class=”anchor-links” width=”1\/2″ css=”.vc_custom_1599656760491{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}”][vc_custom_heading text=”Useful topics to read” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656745862{margin-right: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" History and examination<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656650263{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" Investigations for male infertility<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656667240{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" Treatment of male infertility<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656683735{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" Medical treatment<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1599656694441{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”]<\/p>\n

\"\" Surgical treatment<\/a><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”100px” el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_empty_space height=”20px” el_class=”mobile-only”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Causes of male infertility” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:center|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”Male infertility could be classified into
\n3 major groups” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32px|text_align:center|color:rgba(35%2C31%2C32%2C0.7)” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”In 30-40% of cases, no male-infertility-associated factor is found (idiopathic male infertility).” font_container=”tag:p|text_align:center|color:rgba(35%2C31%2C32%2C0.7)” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”50px”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″][vc_column el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_progress_bar values=”%5B%7B%22label%22%3A%22Non%20obstructive%20infertility%20%3Cp%3EInadequate%20sperm%20production%20by%20the%20testes%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2260%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22%23cceff5%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%2300b1cd%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%22Obstructive%20infertility%20%20%3Cp%3ENormal%20sperm%20production%20but%20there%20is%20a%20blockage%20in%20the%20genital%20tract.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%2235%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22%23cceff5%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%2300b1cd%22%7D%2C%7B%22label%22%3A%22Coital%20infertility%20%20%3Cp%3ENormal%20sperm%20production%20and%20patent%20genital%20tract%3B%20however%20infertility%20is%20secondary%20to%20sexual%20dysfunction%20which%20impairs%20intromission%20or%20ejaculation.%3C%2Fp%3E%22%2C%22value%22%3A%225%22%2C%22color%22%3A%22custom%22%2C%22customcolor%22%3A%22%23cceff5%22%2C%22customtxtcolor%22%3A%22%2300b1cd%22%7D%5D” bgcolor=”juicy-pink” units=”%”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″][vc_column el_class=”mobile-only”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

60%<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=”Non obstructive infertility” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:24px|text_align:center|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”Inadequate sperm production by the testes” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:center|color:%23000000″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″][vc_column el_class=”mobile-only”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

35%<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=”Obstructive infertility” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:24px|text_align:center|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”Normal sperm production but there is a blockage in the genital tract.” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:center|color:%23000000″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″][vc_column el_class=”mobile-only”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

5%<\/span><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][vc_custom_heading text=”Coital infertility” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:24px|text_align:center|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes”][vc_custom_heading text=”Normal sperm production and patent genital tract; however infertility is secondary to sexual dysfunction which impairs intromission or ejaculation.” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:18px|text_align:center|color:%23000000″ use_theme_fonts=”yes”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1596015233915{margin-top: 41px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]The percentages are based on studies for men with complete absence of sperm in their ejaculate; azoospermia<\/em><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”100px” el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_empty_space height=”20px” el_class=”mobile-only”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1596017413320{padding-top: 200px !important;padding-bottom: 200px !important;background: rgba(35,31,32,0.3) url(https:\/\/fivi.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/first-banner-male-infertility.jpg?id=977) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;*background-color: rgb(35,31,32) !important;}” el_class=”blend-mode”][vc_column][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

Causes of<\/span>
\nmale infertility<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/4″][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”100px” el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_empty_space height=”20px” el_class=”mobile-only”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Useful topics to read” font_container=”tag:p|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”bold”][vc_tta_tour color=”blue” active_section=”1″ el_id=”male”][vc_tta_section title=”1. Non obstructive infertility” tab_id=”non-obstructive-infertility”][vc_custom_heading text=”1. Non obstructive inferitlity” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1596019428731{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1596019584101{margin-top: 40px !important;}”]Hormonal abnormalities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which may be idiopathic, or in acquired conditions such as brain tumours, head injuries, and following radiotherapy. The main congenital type is Kallmann\u2019s syndrome which occurs in 1 in every 10 000 males at birth. Other hormonal abnormalities such as thyroid gland disorders, elevated levels of prolactin, and low testosterone levels will also impair sperm production.<\/p>\n

Genetic causes<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Structural and numerical chromosomal abnormalities are found in approximately 5% of infertile males and the prevalence may increase in men with complete absence of sperm. Genetic abnormalities include: Y chromosome microdeletions, aneuploidy: Klinefelter syndrome (47 XXY), the most common example of a numerical abnormality and chromosomal translocations. There are numerous other genes not yet identified that regulate sperm production, hormone production and hormone receptors. Any defect in such genes will impair fertility.<\/p>\n

Exposure to Gonadotoxins<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Gonado-toxins include; chemicals, recreational drugs, tobacco, alcohol, insecticides, pesticides, heavy metals.[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=”1000″ img_size=”full” css=”.vc_custom_1596028982782{margin-top: 41px !important;margin-right: 0px !important;margin-bottom: 0px !important;margin-left: 0px !important;padding-right: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1596020195451{margin-top: 40px !important;}”]Iatrogenic<\/strong><\/span>
\nanti-androgens, steroids, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy.<\/p>\n

Orchitis<\/strong><\/span>
\nA common form of orchitis which is associated with infertility is Mumps orchitis. However any form of orchitis will affect fertility.<\/p>\n

Testicular Torsion<\/strong><\/span>
\nIf the condition is not corrected within 6 hours, it leads to permanent damage and shrinking of the affected testis. More over, this may be followed by production of anti-sperm antibodies which affect the other healthy testis.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Testicular tumours<\/strong><\/span>
\nTesticular tumours lead to infertility by destroying and compressing the healthy testicular tissue. Testicular tumours are slightly more common in the infertile male population than in the general male population. Thus, it is important to screen for testicular tumours in men with infertility.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Others<\/p>\n

Varicocele<\/strong><\/span>
\nUndescended testes<\/strong><\/span>
\nTesticular Trauma<\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”2. Obstructive infertility” tab_id=”obstructive-infertility”][vc_custom_heading text=”2. Obstructive infertility” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1596029022525{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1596029771808{margin-top: 40px !important;}”]Congenital absence of the Vas deferens<\/strong><\/span>
\nDue to CFTR gene defects may be unilateral or bilateral.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Vasal obstruction<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe most common cause of isolated vasal obstruction is post operative after surgeries in the region of the inguinal canal or pelvis, such as hernia repair.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Epididymal tail obstruction<\/strong><\/span>
\nObstruction at this level may be post inflammatory as in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea or after urinary tract infections, where the microbes travel in a retrograde manner from the urethra causing inflammation of the epididymis followed by obstruction.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ejaculatory duct obstruction<\/strong><\/span>
\nThey can be obstructed by congenital prostatic cysts, stones, or post prostatitis. In addition to infertility, patients may have a variety of symptoms such as painful ejaculation, reduced force and volume of ejaculate, haemospermia, dysuria, pelvic pain, and scrotal pain.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Others
\nVasectomy <\/strong><\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][vc_tta_section title=”3. Coital infertility” tab_id=”coital-infertility”][vc_custom_heading text=”3. Coital infertility” font_container=”tag:h2|font_size:32px|text_align:left|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes” css=”.vc_custom_1596029730493{margin-bottom: 0px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1596029736045{margin-top: 40px !important;}”]Erectile dysfunction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

patients with severe erectile dysfunction will have difficulties in intromission and deposition of semen in the vagina.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Premature ejaculation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In severe cases, ejaculation occurs before penetration;\u00a0 outside of the vagina.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Penile deformities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Patients with penile curvature, as in Peyronie\u2019s disease or congenital penile curvature and patients with abnormal position of the urethral \u00a0meatus, as in hypospadias or epispadias will have problems in vaginal penetration \u00a0and sperm deposition.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Anejaculation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Primary anejaculation may occur due to psychosexual factors<\/em> or neurological causes<\/em> such as decreased sensitivity of the genital organs or high threshold of the ejaculatory reflex. Secondary anejaculation may occur following surgeries<\/em> in the pelvis or abdomen that cause injury of the sympathetic chain as in retro-peritoneal lymph node dissection and pan procto-colectomy. It may also occur in diabetic autonomic neuropathy,<\/em> and in other causes of autonomic neuropathy. Some drugs such as alpha blockers and antidepressants may also lead to anejaculation.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Retrograde ejaculation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

It occurs due to similar causes as for anejaculation and represents a milder degree. It is common after prostate surgery for BPH.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_tta_section][\/vc_tta_tour][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space height=”100px” el_class=”desktop-only”][vc_empty_space height=”20px” el_class=”mobile-only”][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_row el_id=”endiaf” el_class=”standar-width” css=”.vc_custom_1625840079917{padding-bottom: 70px !important;background-color: #f2fbfd !important;}”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”Contact us by phone” font_container=”tag:p|font_size:24px|text_align:center|color:%2300b1cd” use_theme_fonts=”yes” el_class=”bold” css=”.vc_custom_1625839998971{margin-top: 4px !important;margin-bottom: 39px !important;padding-top: 0px !important;}”][vc_column_text el_class=”calls”]<\/p>\n

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